Everything about John Randall Physicist totally explained
Sir
John Randall,
FRSE, (
March 23,
1905 –
June 16,
1984) was a
British physicist, credited with radical improvement of the
cavity magnetron, an essential component of centimetric wavelength
radar, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the
Second World War. It is also the key component of
microwave ovens. He also led the
King's College London team which worked on the structure of DNA; but his deputy
Maurice Wilkins, shared the 1962
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, together with
James Watson and
Francis Crick of the
University of Cambridge, for the determination of the structure of
DNA. His other staff included
Rosalind Franklin,
Raymond Gosling,
Alec Stokes and
Herbert Wilson, all involved in research on DNA.
Origins
John Randall was born on
23 March 1905 at
Newton-le-Willows,
St Helens,
Lancashire, the only son and the first of the three children of Sidney Randall, nurseryman and seedsman, and his wife, Hannah Cawley, daughter of John Turton, colliery manager in the area. He was educated at the grammar school at
Ashton-in-Makerfield and at the
University of Manchester, where he was awarded a first-class honours degree in physics and a graduate prize in 1925, and an MSc in 1926. He married Doris, daughter of Josiah John Duckworth, a colliery surveyor, in 1928. They had one son.
From 1926 to 1937 Randall was employed on research by the
General Electric Company at its
Wembley laboratories, where he took a leading part in developing luminescent powders for use in discharge lamps. He also took an active interest in the mechanisms of such
luminescence.
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The Magnetron
By 1937 he was recognized as the leading British worker in his field, and was awarded a Royal Society fellowship to the
University of Birmingham, where he worked on the electron trap theory of
phosphorescence in
Professor Marcus Oliphant's physics faculty. When the
war began in 1939 Randall transferred to the large group working on centimetre radar. At the time limited transmitter output was the greatest single obstacle in the development of this type of radar.
Simple two-pole magnetrons had been developed in the
1920s but gave relatively low power outputs. A more powerful
multi-cavity resonant magnetron had been developed in 1935
(External Link
) by
Hans Erich Hollmann in
Berlin. By
1940 Randall and Dr
Harry Boot produced a working prototype similar to Hollman's cavity magnetron, but added liquid cooling and a stronger cavity. However Randall and Boot soon managed to increase its power output 100-fold. Later
James Sayers (physicist) provided the final breakthrough to a practical device.
The importance of a powerful cavity magnetron was immense. Centimetric radar could detect much smaller objects. The combination of the small-sized cavity magnetron, small antennas and high resolution allowed small high quality radars to be installed in aircraft to detect submarines and other aircraft. This advance eventually defeated the German
U-boats and so won the
Battle of the Atlantic. This allowed Britain to be supplied and then re-armed from across the Atlantic, ultimately allowing for the
the liberation of continental Europe. Other applications of radar included aerial interception of bombers at night, better navigation of Allied bombers (
H2S radar), better anti-aircraft batteries and naval gunnery and
proximity fuses. One million magnetrons were produced by
Bell Labs alone in the USA before the end of the war, and many millions since have been incorporated into cookers and a wide range of other appliances. An official American historian described magnetron number 12 that was taken to the USA in September 1940 as follows: "When the members of the
Tizard Mission brought one to America in 1940, they carried the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores."
In 1943 Randall left Oliphant's physical laboratory at Birmingham to teach for a year in the
Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge. In 1944 Randall was appointed professor of natural philosophy at
University of St Andrews and began planning research in biophysics (with
Maurice Wilkins) on a small Admiralty grant.
King's College London
In 1946 he moved to the Wheatstone chair of physics at
King's College London, where the Medical Research Council set up the Biophysics Research Unit with Randall as the director (now known as Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics) at
King's College London. During his term as director the experimental work leading to the discovery of the structure of
DNA was made there by
Rosalind Franklin,
Raymond Gosling, and Maurice Wilkins. Maurice Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with
James Watson and
Francis Crick; Rosalind Franklin had already died from cancer in 1958.
In addition to the X-Ray diffraction work the unit conducted a wide-ranging programme of research by physicists, biochemists, and biologists. The use of new types of light microscopes led to the important proposal in 1954 of the sliding filament mechanism for muscle contraction. Randall was also successful in integrating the teaching of biosciences at King's College.
In 1951 he set up a large multidisciplinary group working under his personal direction to study the structure and growth of the connective tissue protein
collagen. Their contribution helped to elucidate the three-chain structure of the collagen molecule. Randall himself specialized in using the
electron microscope, first studying the fine structure of
spermatozoa and then concentrating on collagen. In 1958 he began to study the structure of protozoa. He set up a new group to use the cilia of protozoa as a model system for the analysis of morphogenesis by correlating the structural and biochemical differences in mutants.
Later years
In 1970 he retired to Edinburgh University, where he formed a group which applied a range of new biophysical methods to study various biological problems. He continued that work with characteristic vigour until his death.
In science Randall wasn't only original but even maverick. He made extremely important contributions to biological science when he set up, at the right time, a large multidisciplinary biophysical laboratory where his staff were able to achieve much success. His contributions as an individual worker in biophysics were possibly not so outstanding as those in physics. In science and elsewhere he showed good judgement. He had unusual capacity to see the essentials of a situation and had outstanding skill in obtaining funds and buildings for research. He was ambitious and liked power, but his ambition worked very largely for the common good. The informal and democratic side of his character contrasted strongly with his self-assertion. He showed great dedication and enthusiasm in his scientific work, just as he did in the extensive gardening he much enjoyed.
Honours
In 1938 Randall was awarded a DSc by the University of Manchester. In 1943 he was awarded (with H. A. H. Boot) the Thomas Gray memorial prize of the
Royal Society of Arts for the invention of the cavity magnetron. In 1945 he became Duddell medallist of the
Physical Society of London and shared a payment from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors for the magnetron invention, and in 1946 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and became its Hughes medallist. Further awards (with Boot) for the magnetron work were, in 1958, the John Price Wetherill medal of the
Franklin Institute of the state of Pennsylvania and, in 1959, the John Scott award of the city of Philadelphia. In 1962 he was knighted, and in 1972 he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
It can be said that John Randall's contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA has effectively gone 'unrecoghised' although the award of a third of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Maurice Wilkins reflected the contribution made by all the members of staff in the King's College Laboratory; the new DNA sculpture at Clare College, Cambridge has the following words: On the base: "These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases."and
"The double helix model was supported by the work* of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.", as well as on the helices: "The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived here at Clare." and "The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine - Thymine or Guanine - Cytosine." * [Theirwork being that of the King's College, London lab.]
So no mention is made of either Sir Lawrence Bragg [alreadya Nobel Prize winner] director of the Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory or Sir John Randall, the director of King's College's laboratory, London [nota Nobel Prize winner]; in 1962 four members of the Cavendish Laboratory received shares of Nobel Prizes: Francis Crick, John Kendrew, Max Perutz, and James Watson - while only one member of King's College, London received a share of the Nobel Prize (Maurice Wilkins) and that was shared with Crick and Watson. Unfortunately Rosalind Franklin had already died in 1958; subsequent debate has been whether Franklin 'deserved' a share of the Nobel Prize.
According to Wilkins, Randall wanted to be more directly involved in the work leading to the discovery of the structure of DNA but yet had previously turned down Francis Crick from working alongside Wilkins at King's College, London; the loss of Crick to King's was a gain to the Cavendish Laboratory, but the unofficial liaison between Crick and Wilkins helped the Cavendish Laboratory 'win' both of the DNA races: with Linus Pauling and with King's College, London.
Sir John Randall missed his opportunity to get his own name into the science history books in the same way as Crick, Franklin, Watson, and Wilkins and yet was a leading player in the race. It can't be imagined that either Franklin or Wilkins would be unhappy with the phrase
:"The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins." but Sir John Randall felt he'd good cause to be unhappy with the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.
At the same time it can be said that Wilkins wished that his own name too had been joined with those of Watson and Crick in 1953 when invited to be listed as an author of the first Watson/Crick psper. Both Randall and Wilkins deserve more recognition of the discovery of the structure of DNA, but unlike John Randall, Wilkins at least got his one third share of 1962's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Books featuring Sir John Randall
- Chomet, S. (Ed.), D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery, 1994, Newman- Hemisphere Press, London.
- Wilkins, Maurice, The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins ISBN 0-19-860665-6.
- Ridley, Matt; "Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives)" first published in July 2006 in the USA and then in the UK. September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 0-06-082333-X.
- Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004) ISBN 184401343X
- Watson, James D., The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Atheneum, 1980, ISBN 0-689-70602-2 (first published in 1968)
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